Orthorexia Nervosa: A Critical Review of an Emerging Disordered Eating Pattern

Abstract

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is an emerging and controversial eating behavior characterized by an unhealthy obsession with consuming only foods perceived as healthy or pure. Although not yet officially recognized in diagnostic manuals, ON has garnered growing attention from researchers, clinicians, and public health professionals due to its increasing prevalence, especially among health-conscious populations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of ON by examining its conceptual evolution, diagnostic challenges, associated risk factors, clinical manifestations, and treatment approaches. An in-depth search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted to synthesize current findings on the epidemiology, psychological and sociocultural determinants, and assessment tools used to identify ON. The review highlights the overlap between ON and other eating or obsessive-compulsive disorders, emphasizing the need for standardized diagnostic criteria and validated assessment instruments. Despite its focus on health, ON can lead to severe nutritional deficiencies, psychological distress, and social isolation. The findings underscore the importance of increased awareness among healthcare professionals and the development of targeted interventions. Further research is needed to establish ON as a distinct clinical entity and to inform effective prevention and treatment strategies.