Antibiotic utilization in community–A literature review

Abstract

Antibiotic is major health problem in the developing and developed countries. Appropriate use of antibiotic provides the benefit of cost-effective, clinical therapeutic effect, decreased drug-related toxicity and the development of antibiotic resistance. In Mongolia, around 80% of antimicrobial drugs are purchased without a prescription from retail pharmacies. In Asian countries, 50-90% of pharmaceutical medicines transactions are occur in private retail pharmacy mostly in community The literature review was conducted to study the antibiotic utilization in community. Literature review is conducted with the variety of literature from 1994 to 2018. The search was done in Hinari, Google, Google Scholar, PubMed for articles published in English using the keywords “use of antibiotic in community, Antibiotic AND resistance AND community AND developing country AND developed country, Pattern of antibiotic use AND community AND developing AND developed country,survey study on antibiotic use and antibiotic resistances in community, and self-medication antibiotic use. Antibiotic utilization in Latin America from 1997-2007 revealed that use of antibiotic was increased in Peru (70.6%), Venezuela (43.0%). Study on irrational use of antibiotic in an urban slum community in Lagos, Nigeria suggested that 63.4% slum community was found to be non-adherence to the antibiotic therapy. Study from Peshawar, Pakistan on self-medication with antibiotic suggested most commonly used of antibiotics were amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (45%), ciprofloxacin (31%), sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim (18%), and clarithromycin (5%). Self-medication with antibiotic among dental students in Kathmandu suggested most frequently use of antibiotics were amoxicillin, metronidazole, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin and clavulanic respectively.Antibiotic resistance patterns of common Gram negative pathogens isolate from urinary tract infection in Ethiopia noted that the resistance rate of E. coli pathogens was high with common antibiotics like tetracycline, ampicillin, amoxicillin and nalidixic acid. Similarly, these pathogens were low resistance with nitrofurantoin, gentamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Conclusively, there were high antibiotic use and resistance which is huge global problem and require special attention.